1. abs() Syntax: abs(x)Description: Returns the absolute value (non-negative value) of a number. Examples: python # 1. Basic negative numbers print(abs(-10)) # 10 # 2. Positive numbers remain unchanged print(abs(5.5)) # 5.5 # 3. Floating point negative numbers print(abs(-3.14)) # 3.14 # 4. Zero remains zero print(abs(0)) # 0 # 5. Complex numbers (returns magnitude) print(abs(3 +…

A recursive function is a function that calls itself to solve a problem. It works by breaking down a larger problem into smaller, identical subproblems until it reaches a base case, which is a condition that stops the recursion and provides a solution to the simplest subproblem. The two main components of a recursive function…

Global Variables In Python, a global variable is a variable that is accessible throughout the entire program. It is defined outside of any function or class. This means its scope is the entire file, and any function can access and modify its value. You can use the global keyword inside a function to modify a…

Generators in Python What is a Generator? A generator is a special type of iterator that allows you to iterate over a sequence of values without storing them all in memory at once. Generators generate values on-the-fly (lazy evaluation) using the yield keyword. Key Characteristics Basic Syntax python def generator_function(): yield value1 yield value2 yield value3 Simple Examples Example…

Iterators in Python An iterator in Python is an object that is used to iterate over iterable objects like lists, tuples, dictionaries, and sets. An iterator can be thought of as a pointer to a container’s elements. To create an iterator, you use the iter() function. To get the next element from the iterator, you…

Function Returns Multiple Values in Python In Python, functions can return multiple values by separating them with commas. These values are returned as a tuple, but they can be unpacked into individual variables. Basic Syntax python def function_name(): return value1, value2, value3 # Calling and unpacking var1, var2, var3 = function_name() Simple Examples Example 1:…

Variable Length Keyword Arguments in Python Variable length keyword arguments allow a function to accept any number of keyword arguments. This is done using the **kwargs syntax. Syntax python def function_name(**kwargs): # function body # kwargs becomes a dictionary containing all keyword arguments Simple Examples Example 1: Basic **kwargs python def print_info(**kwargs): print(“Information received:”, kwargs) print(“Type of…

Variable Length Positional Arguments in Python Variable length positional arguments allow a function to accept any number of positional arguments. This is done using the *args syntax. Syntax python def function_name(*args): # function body # args becomes a tuple containing all positional arguments Simple Examples Example 1: Basic *args python def print_numbers(*args): print(“Numbers received:”, args) print(“Type of…

Keyword-Only Arguments in Python Keyword-only arguments are function parameters that must be passed using their keyword names. They cannot be passed as positional arguments. Syntax Use the * symbol in the function definition to indicate that all parameters after it are keyword-only: python def function_name(param1, param2, *, keyword_only1, keyword_only2): # function body Simple Examples Example 1: Basic Keyword-Only Arguments…

Positional-Only Arguments in Python Positional-only arguments are function parameters that must be passed by position (order) and cannot be passed by keyword name. Syntax Use the / symbol in the function definition to indicate that all parameters before it are positional-only: python def function_name(param1, param2, /, param3, param4): # function body Simple Examples Example 1: Basic Positional-Only Arguments python def calculate_area(length,…