Challenge: Employee Class using Instance & Class Variables Objective: Create an Employee class that uses both instance variables and a class variable. 1. Class Properties (Variables) 2. Employee ID Rules 3. Class Methods (Functions) 4. Key Summary

1. What is a Rational Number? A rational number is any number that can be expressed as a fraction where both the numerator and the denominator are integers (whole numbers), and the denominator is not zero. The key idea is ratio. The word “rational” comes from the word “ratio.” General Form:a / b Examples: Non-Examples: 2. Formulas for Addition and Subtraction…

Object-Oriented Programming: Generalization vs. Specialization Introduction Inheritance in OOP serves two primary purposes: Let’s explore these concepts with clear examples. 1. Specialization (Extending Functionality) Specialization involves creating a new class that inherits all features from a parent class and then adds new, specific features. The core idea is reusability—you build upon what already exists. Key Principle: Child Class =…

Operator Overloading in Python with Simple Examples Operator overloading allows you to define how Python operators (like +, -, *, etc.) work with your custom classes. This makes your objects behave more like built-in types. 1. What is Operator Overloading? 2. Basic Syntax python class ClassName: def __special_method__(self, other): # Define custom behavior 3. Common Operator Overloading Methods Operator…

Method overriding is a key feature of object-oriented programming (OOP) and inheritance. It allows a subclass (child class) to provide its own specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass (parent class). When a method is called on an object of the child class, the child’s version of the method is…

Python does not support traditional method overloading in the way languages like C++ or Java do. If you define multiple methods with the same name, the last definition will simply overwrite all previous ones. However, you can achieve the same result—making a single method behave differently based on the number or type of arguments—using Python’s…

Python, Polymorphism allows us to use a single interface (like a function or a method) for objects of different types. Duck Typing is a specific style of polymorphism common in dynamically-typed languages like Python. What is Duck Typing? 🦆 The name comes from the saying: “If it walks like a duck and it quacks like…

Polymorphism is a core concept in OOP that means “many forms” 🐍. In Python, it allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. This means you can use a single function or method to work with different data types, as long as they implement a specific action. 🌀 Polymorphism…

Data hiding in Python OOP is the concept of restricting access to the internal data of an object from outside the class. 🔐 It’s a way to prevent direct modification of data and protect the object’s integrity. This is typically achieved by using a naming convention that makes attributes “private” or “protected.” 🔒 How Data…

Rectangle Inheritance in OOP Python: Rectangle & Cuboid Example Inheritance in object-oriented programming (OOP) allows a new class (the child class) to inherit properties and methods from an existing class (the parent class). This is a powerful concept for code reusability ♻️ and establishing a logical “is-a” relationship between classes. For instance, a Cuboid is…