Predefined Character Classes Pattern Description Equivalent . Matches any character except newline \d Matches any digit [0-9] \D Matches any non-digit [^0-9] \w Matches any word character [a-zA-Z0-9_] \W Matches any non-word character [^a-zA-Z0-9_] \s Matches any whitespace character [ \t\n\r\f\v] \S Matches any non-whitespace character [^ \t\n\r\f\v] 1. Literal Character a Matches: The exact character…

Basic Character Classes Pattern Description Example Matches [abc] Matches any single character in the brackets a, b, or c [^abc] Matches any single character NOT in the brackets d, 1, ! (not a, b, or c) [a-z] Matches any character in the range a to z a, b, c, …, z [A-Z] Matches any character in the range A to Z A, B, C, …, Z [0-9] Matches…

Complete List of Basic Regular Expression Patterns in Python Character Classes Pattern Description Example [abc] Matches any one of the characters a, b, or c [aeiou] matches any vowel [^abc] Matches any character except a, b, or c [^0-9] matches non-digits [a-z] Matches any character in range a to z [a-z] matches lowercase letters [A-Z] Matches any character in range…

Raw Strings in Python’s re Module Raw strings (prefixed with r) are highly recommended when working with regular expressions because they treat backslashes (\) as literal characters, preventing Python from interpreting them as escape sequences. path = ‘C:\Users\Documents’ pattern = r’C:\Users\Documents’ .4.1.1. Escape sequences Unless an ‘r’ or ‘R’ prefix is present, escape sequences in string and bytes literals are interpreted according…

The re module is Python’s built-in module for regular expressions (regex). It provides functions and methods to work with strings using pattern matching, allowing you to search, extract, replace, and split text based on complex patterns. Key Functions in the re Module 1. Searching and Matching python import re text = “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” # re.search()…

# Read the original image and write to a new file original_file = open(‘image.jpg’, ‘rb’) # ‘rb’ = read binary copy_file = open(‘image_copy.jpg’, ‘wb’) # ‘wb’ = write binary # Read and write in chunks to handle large files while True: chunk = original_file.read(4096) # Read 4KB at a time if not chunk: break copy_file.write(chunk)…

1. file.closed – Is the file door shut? Think of a file like a door. file.closed tells you if the door is open or closed. python # Open the file (open the door) f = open(“test.txt”, “w”) f.write(“Hello!”) print(f.closed) # Output: False (door is open) # Close the file (close the door) f.close() print(f.closed) # Output: True (door is…

File Handling in Python File handling is a crucial aspect of programming that allows you to read from and write to files. Python provides built-in functions and methods to work with files efficiently. Basic File Operations 1. Opening a File Use the open() function to open a file. It returns a file object. python # Syntax: open(filename,…

A user-defined exception in Python is a custom error class that you create to handle specific error conditions within your code. Instead of relying on built-in exceptions like ValueError, you define your own to make your code more readable and to provide more specific error messages. You create a user-defined exception by defining a new…